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Written by Dr. S. Senthivelraj MD
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Sunday, 27 April 2008 00:00 |
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Electrical Axis of Heart There are many methods to determine the electrical axis of the heart; firstly I will describe the "Circle Graph Method".
This Picture describes an easy way to determine electrical axis of heart (alternative name alpha angle of heart). |
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Last Updated on Thursday, 07 May 2009 21:03 |
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Read more... [Electrical Axis Of Heart]
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Pericarditis, Cardiac Tamponade, Constrictive pericarditis |
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Written by Senthi MD
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Thursday, 07 May 2009 20:47 |
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PERICARDIAL DISEASE
• Acute Pericarditis
• Pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade
• Constrictive Pericarditis.
Acute Pericarditis
Acute pericarditis, defined as symptoms and/or signs resulting from pericardial inflammation of no more than 1 to 2 weeks' duration, can occur in a result of some diseases such as infection, post myocardial infarction, immunological reaction, trauma or neoplasm, but the majority of cases are idiopathic. The term idiopathic is used to denote acute pericarditis for which no specific etiology can be found with routine diagnostic testing. Most cases of acute idiopathic pericarditis are presumed to be viral in etiology, but testing for specific viruses is not routinely done because of cost and the fact that this knowledge rarely alters management.
Pericarditis and myocarditis often coexist, and all forms of pericarditis may produce a pericardial effusion which, depending on the aetiology, may be fibrinous, serous, haemorrhagic or purulent. «««««««««« PERICARDIAL EFFUSION AND TAMPONADE
Cardiac tamponade is the clinical syndrome caused by pericardial effusion under abnormally increased pressure.
It may be:
• transudative (congestive heart failure, myxoedema, nephrotic syndrome),
• exudative (tuberculosis, spread from empyema)
• haemorrhagic (trauma, rupture of aneuryms, malignant effusion).
• malignant (due to fluid accumulation caused by metastasis)
«««««««««« Download the full reference in Word document from this link: Download |
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Last Updated on Thursday, 07 May 2009 20:57 |
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Written by medphoenix
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Sunday, 31 May 2009 16:39 |
 The cardinal features of this disease are those of emphysema, peribronchial thickening and bronchiectasis, lung infiltration and enlarged hila. The enlargement of the hila is due to both adenopathy and in later stages enlargement of the pulmonary arteries as pulmonary hypertension occurs. The bronchial disease often starts with peribronchial thickening and tubular bronchiectasis, but later more characteristically cystic bronchiectasis occurs. The focal infiltration may be nodular or linear, and some of the nodular change is due to mucus plugging of peripheral bronchi. This mucus plugging may cause lung atelectasis. Other lung infiltration occurs when there is super added infection and chest x-rays should be monitored for change. Two complications that occur include pneumothorax and pulmonary hemorrhage. Chest x-ray-Adult patient with cystic fibrosis and significant lung disease. |
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Last Updated on Sunday, 31 May 2009 16:54 |
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